Week 16: More verbs
Day 1: Helpful hint for becoming a better translator.
I would also like to suggest that you begin writing out the verb and noun endings. These are known as paradigms. You can make simple charts that have two columns and three rows and practice listing the endings for Present Active Indicative, the forms of the verb εἰμί (which is irregular, meaning that it does not follow the Present Active Indicative paradigm, see lesson 11 for the chart), the masculine, neuter, and feminine definite articles, and the First and Second Declension endings. The more easily you are able to remember them, the better translator you will become, and the more quickly you will be able to translate. So I encourage you to practice these until you feel comfortable with them. Plus, as you are introduced to new paradigms, I suggest you practice them as well.
I also suggest that you copy them by hand. I know that will take more time, but writing Greek paradigms and words will cause you to remember them much more easily. You might want to do the same with words: make small cards with the Greek word on one side and the translation on the other side.
Day 2: New word: I know
- γινώσκω
- Pronounced like this: gi (like in "give)-nos (like in "no)-ko (with a long "o")
- See the pronunciation guides below the chart
| Present Active Indicative (PIA) | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| first person |
γινώσκωI know I am knowing |
γινώσκομενwe know we are knowing |
| second person |
γινώσκειςyou (singular) know you are knowing |
γινώσκετεyou (plural) know you are knowing |
| third person |
γινώσκειhe/she/it knows he/she/it is knowing |
γινώσκουσι(ν)they know they are knowing |
| infinitive: γινώσκεινto know |
- Reminder: the third person plural will add a moveable nu when the next word begins with a vowel.
- γινώσκεις: gi (like in give) - nos (like in no) - kis (the "ki" in kite)
- γινώσκει: gi (like in "give) - nos (like in no) - ki (the "ki" in kite)
- γινώσκομεν: gi (like in give) - nos (like in no) - kom (like the "com" in communist) - en (short "e" as the "en" in enter)
- γινώσκετε: gi (like in give) - nos (like in no) - ke (short "e" as the "ke" in kettle) - te (short "e" that rhymes with "ke" in kettle)
- γινώσκουσι: gi (like in give) - nos (like in no) - kou (the ου is a diphthong and so is pronounced like the "ou" in group) - si (short "i" as in pit)
- γινώσκουσιν: gi (like in "give) - nos (like in no) - kou (the ου is a diphthong and is pronounced like the "ou" in group) - sin (the same as sin)
- γινώσκειν: gi (like in "give) - nos (like in "no) - kin (the ει is a diphthong and is pronounced like the ei in height. It is a long "i" sound as in kind)
Day 3: New word: I write
- γράφω
- Pronounced like this: gra (with a short "a," rhymes with "ha") - pho (with a long "o")
- It is parsed like the verb "I know" above.
Day 4: New word: I teach
- διδάσκω
- Pronounced like this: di (like the "di" in "did") - das (short "a" as in "father") - ko (long "o")
- It is parsed like the verb "I know" above.
Day 5: Reminder
- Greek has four punctuation marks:
- Comma: this is the same as our comma.
- Period: this is the same as our period.
- Question mark: this looks like the semi-colon (;). Greek does not have a semi-colon, so if you see a semi-colon you will know it is a question mark.
- The colon: this looks like a colon but without the period on the bottom, instead it is a period in the middle of the line.
- Stems
- You may have noticed that nouns and verbs change their endings. Therefore it is best if you learn the "stem" of a word. For example:
- διδάσκω: its stem will be διδασκ. Note that you can ignore the accent because it will move.
- ἂνθρωπος: its stem will be ἀνθρωπ. Note that you can ignore the accent because it will move. The breathing mark will not change.
Day 6: Weekly Exercises
1. Do you recognize these verb stems?
- βλεπ
- ἀκου
- λαμβαν
- γραφ
- ἐχ
- λεγ
2. Do you recognize these noun stems?
- προφητ
- βασιλει
- ἀγγελ
- πατ
- ἀγαπ
- ἱερ
- λογ
- τεκν
- ἡμερ
- υἱ
3a. Γινώσκω τόν ἀδελφόν Ἰησοῦ. Note: the direct object is τόν ἀδελφόν and that is why it is in the accusative case. Ἰησοῦ is in the G/A (Genitive/Ablative) case and will use "of" or "from" in front of the noun.
3b. Γινώσκουσι τόν ἀδελφόν Ἰησοῦ.
3c. Γινώσκουσιν ἀδελφόν Ἰησοῦ. Note: add a moveable nu to the verb because the next word starts with a vowel.
3d. Γινώσκουσιν ἀδελφούς Ἰησοῦ.
4a. Γράφω τόν δοῦλον.
4b. Οὐ γράφω τόν δοῦλον.
4c. Γράφετε Ἰησόν.
4d. Γράφει λόγοῦς.
5. Διδάσκω τοῦς ἀδελφοῦς καί τόν υἱόν.
6. Ὁ πατήρ γράφει λόγοῦς.
7a. Εἰμί δοῦλον Θεοῦ. Hint: Look in the chart below, #2.
7b. Ἐσμέν δοῦλους Θεοῦ.
7c. Εἶ δοῦλον Θεοῦ.
7d. Εἶ δοῦλον Θεοῦ; Hint: this has a different punctuation mark at the end.
8. Εἶναι ἢ οὐκ εἲναι.
9. Ἰησοῦς Χριστός ἐστί Θεός. Note about a special case: the verb εἰμί does not take a direct object, and so the word after the verb will be in the nominative case instead of the accusative case. That is why Θεός is in the nominative case even though it seems like it should have the accusative case and be Θεόν.
10. Ὁ σωτήρ λέγει λὀγοῦς.
Answers
1.1. See
1.2. Hear
1.3. Take, receive
1.4. Write
1.5. Have
1.6. Say/speak
2.1. Prophet
2.2. Kingdom
2.3. Messenger/angel
2.4. Father
2.5. Love
2.6. Temple
2.7. Word
2.8. Child
2.9. Day
2.10. Son
3a. I know the brother of Jesus. (or Jesus' brother)
3b. They know the brother of Jesus.
3c. They know a brother of Jesus.
3d. They know brothers of Jesus.
4a. I write the servant/slave.
4b. I do not write the servant/slave.
4c. You (plural) write Jesus.
4d. He/She writes words.
5. I teach the brothers and the son.
6. The father writes words.
7a. I am a servant of God.
7b. We are servants of God.
7c. You (singular) are a servant of God.
7d. Are you a servant of God?
8. To be or not to be.
9. Jesus Christ is God.
10. The savior speaks words.
What you have learned so far
1. Present Active Indicative endings
| PIA | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| first person |
ἔχωI have I am having |
ἔχομενwe have we are having |
| second person |
ἔχειςyou (singular) have you are having |
ἔχετεyou (plural) have you are having |
| third person |
ἔχειhe/she/it has he/she/it is having |
ἔχουσι(ν)they have they are having |
| infinitive => ἔχεινto have |
2. Present active indicative of εἰμί.
| PIA | singular | plural |
|---|---|---|
| first person |
εἰμίI am | ἐσμένwe are |
| second person |
εἶyou (singular) are | ἐστέyou (plural) are |
| third person |
ἐστί(ν)he/she/it is | εἰσί(ν)they are |
| infinitive => εἶναιto be |
3. Masculine definite article: The endings of nouns will be similar
| Case | Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ | οἱ | the |
| Genitive/Ablative | τοῦ | τῶν | of/from the |
| Dative/Locative/Instrumental | τῷ | τοῖς | to/in/with the |
| Accusative | τόν | τούς | the |
4. Neuter definite article: The endings of nouns will be similar
| Case | Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative N | τό | τά | the |
| Genitive/Ablative G/A | τοῦ(same as masculine) | τῶν(same as masculine) | of/from the |
| Dative/Locative/Instrumental D/L/I | τῷ(same as masculine) | τοῖς(same as masculine) | to/in/with the |
| Accusative A | τό(same as nominative) | τά(same as nominative) | the |
5. Feminine definite article: the endings of nouns will be similar.
| Case | Singular | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative N | ἡ | αἱ | the |
| Genitive/Ablative G/A | τῆς | τῶν | of/from the |
| Dative/Locative/Instrumental D/L/I | τῇ | ταῖς | to/in/with the |
| Accusative A | τήν | τάς | the |
6. First Declension endings: Feminine
| Case | Singular | Translation | Plural | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | ἀγάπη | love | ἀγάπαι | loves |
| G/A | ἀγάπης | of/from love | ἀγάπηων | of/from loves |
| D/L/I | ἀγάπῃ | to/in/with love | ἀγάπαις | to/in/with loves |
| A | ἀγάπην | love | ἀγάπας | loves |
7. Second Declension Endings: Masculine
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| N | ἂνθρωπος | ἂνθροποι(same ending as the definite article) |
| G/A | ἀνθρώπου | ἀνθρώπων(same ending as the definite article) |
| D/L/I | ἀνθρώπῳ | ἀνθρώποις(same ending as the definite article) |
| A | ἂνθρωπον | ἀνθρώπους(same ending as the definite article) |
8. Second Declension Endings: Neuter
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| N | ἱερόν | ἱερά |
| G/A | ἱεροῦ | ἱερῶν |
| D/L/I | ἱερῷ | ἱεροῖς |
| A | ἱερόν | ἱερά |
Vocabulary
| ἀγάπη, ἡ | love |
| ἀδελφός, ὁ | brother |
| ἂγγελος, ὁ | messenger, angel |
| ἀκούω | I hear |
| ἂνθρωπος, ὁ | man/human/person/human being |
| βασιλεία, ἡ | kingdom |
| βλέπω | I see |
| γινώσκω | I know |
| γλῶσσα, ἡ | tongue |
| γράφω | I write |
| διδάσκω | I teach |
| δοῦλος, ὁ | servant/slave |
| δῶρον, τό | gift |
| εἰμί | I am |
| ἒχω | I have |
| ἢ | or |
| ἡμέρα, ἡ | day |
| θεός, ὁ | God |
| ἱερόν, τό | temple |
| Ἰησοῦς | Jesus |
| ἰχθύς, ὁ | fish |
| καί | and |
| καρπός, ὁ | fruit |
| κρίνω | I judge |
| λαμβάνω | I take, receive |
| λέγω | I say or I speak |
| λόγος, ὁ | word |
| οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ | not before a consonant, before smooth breathing, before rough breathing |
| πατήρ, ὁ | father |
| προφήτης, ὁ | prophet |
| σωτήρ, ὁ | savior |
| τέκνον, τό | child |
| υἱός, ὁ | son |
| Χριστός, ὁ | Christ |
© 2024 Mark Nickens