Chapter 10: Punctuation and New Words

 

Day 1: Punctuation

• Greek has four punctuation marks:
  • Comma: this is the same as our comma.
  • Period: this is the same as our period.
  • Question mark: this looks like the semi-colon (;). Greek does not have a semi-colon, so if you see a semi-colon you will know it is a question mark.
  • The colon: this looks like a colon but without the period on the bottom, instead it is a period in the middle of the line.

Day 2: New word: I say or I speak

• λέγω
• Pronounced like this: le-go
• "le" like "leg" then "go."
• It looks like this when parsed in Present Active Indicative:

PAI	singular	plural
first person	λέγωI say/speak I am saying/am speaking	λέγομενwe say/speak we are saying/speaking
second person	λέγειςyou (singular) say/speak you are saying/speaking	λέγετεyou (plural) say/speak you are saying/speaking
third person	λέγειhe/she/it says/speaks he/she/it is saying/speaking	λέγουσι(ν)they say/speak they are saying/speaking
	infinitive =>	λέγεινto say

• You may wonder when to use say or speak and when to use I say/speak and I am saying/speaking. Often the context of the sentence (the way sentence sounds best) will be your guide. At other times it will be your choice.
• Sound out the letters: λ ε γ ω
• lambda-epsilon-gamma-omega

Day 3: New word: man/human/person/human being

• ἄνθρωπος, ὁ
• Pronounced like this: an-thro-pos
• "an" with a short "a" like in "adore" then "thro" like in "throw" then "pos" like in "opossum."
• Sound out the letters: α ν θ ρ ω π ο ς
• alpha-nun-theta-rho-omega-pi-omega-final sigma

Day 4: New word: fruit

• καρπός, ὁ
• Pronounced like this: kar-pos
• "kar" like "car" then "pos" like "opossum."
• Sound out the letters: κ α ρ π ο ς
• kappa-alpha-rho-pi-omega-final sigma

Day 5: New word: servant/slave

• δοῦλος, ὁ
• Pronounced like this: dou-los
• "dou" like "due" then "los" as in "loss."
• Sound out the letters: δ ο λ ο ς
• delta-omega-lambda-omega-final sigma

Day 6: Weekly Exercises

Weekly Exercises

1. Ὁ ἀδελφός λέγει λόγος.
2. Ὁ ἀδελφός λέγει ὁ λόγος.
3. Ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἔχει ὁ ἰχθύς καί καρπός.
4. Ἄγγελος, ἄνθρωπος, καί ὁ ἀδελφός.
5. Ὁ ἀδελφός λέγει λόγος;
6. Θεός κρίνει ὁ δοῦλος;
7. οὐ λέγω λόγος.
8. Spell: ανθρωπος
9. Spell: Χριστος
10. Spell: κρινω

Answers

1. The brother speaks/is saying a word.
2. The brother speaks/is saying the word.
3. The servant has the fish and fruit.
4. An angel (or messenger), a man, and the brother.
5. Is the brother speaking a word?
6. Does God judge the servant?
7. I do not speak a word.
8. alpha-nu-theta-rho-omega-pi-omicron-final sigma
9. chi-rho-iota-sigma-tau-omicron-final sigma
10. kappa-rho-iota-nu-omega

What you have learned so far

1. Alphabet

Greek small	Greek capital	English name	Sound
α	Α	alpha	short a
β	Β	beta	b
γ	Γ	gamma	g
δ	Δ	delta	d
ε	Ε	epsilon	short e
ζ	Ζ	zeta	z
η	Η	eta	ay
θ	Θ	theta	th
ι	Ι	iota	i/ee
κ	Κ	kappa	k
λ	Λ	lambda	l
μ	Μ	mu	m
ν	Ν	nu	n
ξ	Ξ	xi	x
ο	Ο	omicron	o
π	Π	pi	p
ρ	Ρ	rho	r
σ ς	Σ	sigma	s
τ	Τ	tau	t
υ	Υ	upsilon	u
φ	Φ	phi	ph
χ	Χ	chi	ch
ψ	Ψ	psi	ps
ω	Ω	omega	long o

2. Breathing marks and "h" sound: week 2

3. Accents: week 2

4. Diphthongs from letters we have covered so far:

• ει οι ου υι
• You can memorize them if you want. Or you can wait and I will tell you if each new word has a diphthong or not.

5. Definite article

• ὁ This is the masculine definite article and will be in front of masculine nouns.
• ἡ This is the feminine definite article and will be in front of feminine nouns.
• τό This is the neuter definite article and will be in front of neuter nouns.

6. "A"

• Greek does not have a word for "a."

7. Present Active Indicative endings

PAI	singular	plural
first person	ἔχωI have I am having	ἔχομενwe have we are having
second person	ἔχειςyou (singular) have you are having	ἔχετεyou (plural) have you are having
third person	ἔχειhe/she/it has he/she/it is having	ἔχουσι(ν)they have they are having
	infinitive =>	ἔχεινto have

Vocabulary (this will always be in alphabetical order)

ἀδελφός, ὁ	brother
ἄγγελος, ὁ	messenger, angel
ἄνθρωπος, ὁ	man/human/person/human being
δοῦλος, ὁ	servant/slave
ἔχω	I have
ἢ	or
θεός, ὁ	God
Ἰησοῦς	Jesus
ἰχθύς, ὁ	fish
καί	and
καρπός, ὁ	fruit
κρίνω	I judge
λέγω	I say or I speak
λόγος, ὁ	word
οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ	not before a consonant, before smooth breathing, before rough breathing
σωτήρ	savior
υἱός, ὁ	son
Χριστός, ὁ	Christ